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     <div begin="0.533s" end="2.833s">The International Space Station is </div>
     <div begin="2.833s" end="6.899s">probably the most fantastic vehicle ever built.</div>
     <div begin="6.9s" end="12.333s">It's a one of a kind laboratory orbiting about 250 miles above the earth.</div>
     <div begin="12.333s" end="15.766s">And we perform experiments on the International Space Station.</div>
     <div begin="15.766s" end="20.299s">We can do science, we can do experiments, we can learn how to do things that are out of this world.</div>
     <div begin="20.3s" end="23.966s">And the results will help benefit the people on the ground.</div>
     <div begin="23.966s" end="26.466s">So, not only that, but we're also seeing benefits </div>
     <div begin="26.466s" end="28.999s">from how we actually assembled the space station.</div>
     <div begin="29s" end="31.933s">The International Space Station, in its design, </div>
     <div begin="31.933s" end="34.399s">was essentially designed like a Lego toy.  </div>
     <div begin="34.4s" end="36.3s">Lots of big pieces that need to be put together.  </div>
     <div begin="36.3s" end="39.366s">Some of these pieces are going to be about the size of a city bus.</div>
     <div begin="39.366s" end="45.832s">We needed a way of manipulating or moving these big pieces and very precisely putting them together.</div>
     <div begin="45.833s" end="48.766s">Canada worked with its contractor, which was MDA, </div>
     <div begin="48.766s" end="51.132s">and with that company came up with a design </div>
     <div begin="51.133s" end="53.866s">that was going to meet the needs of the International Space Station.</div>
     <div begin="53.866s" end="57.532s">The solution to that was using a fairly large robotic arm, </div>
     <div begin="57.533s" end="60.599s">and that system ended up being Canadarm2.  </div>
     <div begin="60.6s" end="64.266s">It could move around the space station, grab payloads, </div>
     <div begin="64.266s" end="66.166s">move them to where they needed to be, </div>
     <div begin="66.166s" end="68.399s">so that the space station could be assembled.</div>
     <div begin="68.4s" end="71.233s">You couldn't have built a vehicle like the International Space Station </div>
     <div begin="71.233s" end="73.066s">without a robotic system like this.</div>
     <div begin="82.133s" end="85.599s">And that was when we started talking to Synaptive Medical.</div>
     <div begin="85.6s" end="88s">Knowing that MDA had done this before in space, </div>
     <div begin="88s" end="90.866s">we thought it would be very easy for them to bring that experience </div>
     <div begin="90.866s" end="95.766s">and that technology into the neurosurgical area and help us with our medical robotics.</div>
     <div begin="95.766s" end="98.032s">We worked with MDA to create "Drive".</div>
     <div begin="98.033s" end="102.466s">Drive is a robot, mounted onto a base that holds a surgical camera </div>
     <div begin="102.466s" end="106.799s">that can be automatically positioned to any surgical instrument that’s tracked by our system.</div>
     <div begin="106.8s" end="108.733s">What this arm does is it follows you, </div>
     <div begin="108.733s" end="111.899s">and it tracks you, so it speeds up efficiency.  </div>
     <div begin="111.9s" end="116.1s">Ultimately, using the drive system allows a surgeon to have shorter surgical times, </div>
     <div begin="116.1s" end="118.166s">which means shorter recovery times for the patients, </div>
     <div begin="118.166s" end="120.932s">and ultimately that's better for the hospital and the patients.  </div>
     <div begin="120.933s" end="122.766s">But what the robot does for us, </div>
     <div begin="122.766s" end="128.432s">is it allows us to do it safer, you can do it better, with less harm to the patient.</div>
     <div begin="128.433s" end="131.099s">The software that runs on the Drive system, </div>
     <div begin="131.1s" end="136.4s">is directly derived from the software that runs the Canadarm2 on the International Space Station.</div>
     <div begin="136.4s" end="141.3s">Those robotics work with and alongside an astronaut to enhance what they do.  </div>
     <div begin="141.3s" end="144.466s">So that connection is a very direct and real one.</div>
     <div begin="144.466s" end="146.766s">Right now, it's probably the most used </div>
     <div begin="146.766s" end="153.066s">system that we can say is derived from the things we did on the space station.  </div>
     <div begin="153.066s" end="154.232s">We're pretty proud of that.</div>
     <div begin="154.233s" end="155.366s">And I've see the arm before.  </div>
     <div begin="155.366s" end="157.032s">We've seen it on the space station.  </div>
     <div begin="157.033s" end="162.066s">But I never put the two and two together that I'd have the same arm in the O.R. at some time, no.</div>
     <div begin="163.066s" end="169.432s">I think everybody has this dream of how robotics are going to become more and more a part of everyday life.  </div>
     <div begin="169.433s" end="171.566s">The things that we do with robotics on the space station </div>
     <div begin="171.566s" end="173.766s">is basically pushing those dreams forward.  </div>
     <div begin="173.766s" end="177.132s">And we evolve the system, we gain the knowledge, </div>
     <div begin="177.133s" end="179.599s">we gain the experience, the expertise...  </div>
     <div begin="179.6s" end="181.333s">So this is kind of the unexpected benefits</div>
     <div begin="181.333s" end="184.599s">that we get out of doing a program like the International Space Station.  </div>
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